Adebowale AS, Yusuf BO, Fagbamigbe AF (2012) Survival probability and predictors for woman experience childhood death in Nigeria: analysis of north–south differentials. BMC Public Health 12:430
Google Scholar
Adedini SA, Odimegwu C, Imasiku EN et al. (2015) Regional variations in infant and child mortality in Nigeria: a multilevel analysis. J Biosoc Sci 47:165–187
Google Scholar
Adjiwanou V, Engdaw AW (2017) Household environmental health hazards’ effect on under-five mortality in sub-Saharan Africa: what can we learn from the Demographic and Health Survey? Glob Public Health 12:780–794
Google Scholar
Aheto JM (2019) Predictive model and determinants of under-five child mortality: evidence from the 2014 Ghana demographic and health survey. BMC Public Health 19:64
Google Scholar
Akinyemi JO, Bamgboye EA, Ayeni O (2015) Trends in neonatal mortality in Nigeria and effects of bio-demographic and maternal characteristics. BMC Pediatr 15:36
Google Scholar
Allen M, Martinez S (2005) The politics of children’s issues: challenges and opportunities for advancing a children’s agenda. In: Applied Developmental Science: An Advanced Textbook, pp 325
Allen MP (1997) Understanding regression analysis. Springer US, Boston, MA
Anand S (2010) Measuring health workforce inequalities: methods and application to China and India. World Health Organization, Geneva
Anand S, Bärnighausen T (2004) Human resources and health outcomes: cross-country econometric study. Lancet 364(9445):1603–1609
Google Scholar
Anand S, Bärnighausen T (2007) Health workers and vaccination coverage in developing countries: an econometric analysis. Lancet 369(9569):1277–1285
Google Scholar
Bain R, Johnston R, Mitis F, Chatterley C, Slaymaker T (2018) Establishing sustainable development goal baselines for household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene services. Water 10(12):1711
Google Scholar
Bhutta ZA, Hafeez A, Rizvi A et al. (2013) Reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health in Pakistan: challenges and opportunities. Lancet 381:2207–2218
Google Scholar
Black RE, Cousens S, Johnson HL et al. (2010) Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2008: a systematic analysis. Lancet 375:1969–1987
Google Scholar
Bradley RH, Putnick DL (2012) Housing quality and access to material and learning resources within the home environment in developing countries. Child Dev 83(1):76–91
Google Scholar
Brinda EM, Rajkumar AP, Enemark U (2015) Association between gender inequality index and child mortality rates: a cross-national study of 138 countries. BMC Public Health 15(1):97
Google Scholar
Brooker S, Hotez PJ, Bundy DA (2008) Hookworm-related anaemia among pregnant women: a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2(9):e291
Google Scholar
Cometto G, Buchan J, Dussault G (2019) Developing the health workforce for universal health coverage. Bull World Health Organ 98(2):109
Google Scholar
Cometto G, Buchan J, Dussault G (2019) Developing the health workforce for universal health coverage. Bull World Health Or gan 98(2):109
Google Scholar
Cooper R (2018) Water management/governance systems in Pakistan. K4D Helpdesk Report
Elder Jr GH (1998) The life course as developmental theory. Child Dev 69:1–2
Google Scholar
Ezeh OK, Agho KE, Dibley MJ et al. (2015) Risk factors for postneonatal, infant, child and under-5 mortality in Nigeria: a pooled cross-sectional analysis. BMJ Open 5:e006779
Google Scholar
Fink G, Günther I, Hill K (2011) The effect of water and sanitation on child health: evidence from the demographic and health surveys 1986–2007. Int J Epidemiol 40(5):1196–1204
Google Scholar
Franics FA, Olalere A (2014) Differentials and correlates of infants mortality in Nigeria: a comparative survival analysis between North East and South West Nigeria. Int J Trop Dis Health 4(8):869–886
Gould CF, Urpelainen J, Sais JH (2020) The role of education and attitudes in cooking fuel choice: evidence from two states in India. Energy Sustain Dev 54:36–50
Google Scholar
Government of Pakistan (2020) Economic Survey of Pakistan 2019–2020. Islamabad: Ministry of Finance
Haakenstad A, Irvine CM, Knight M et al. (2022) Measuring the availability of human resources for health and its relationship to universal health coverage for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 399:2129–2154
Google Scholar
Haider S, Mahapatra B, Mohammad S et al. (2024) Understanding the socioeconomic determinants of cooking fuel expenditure in Uttar Pradesh, India. Discov Sustain 5:182
Google Scholar
Hayes AF, Glynn CJ, Huge ME (2012) Cautions regarding the interpretation of regression coefficients and hypothesis tests in linear models with interactions. Commun Methods Meas 6:1–1
Google Scholar
Headey D, Palloni G (2019) Water, sanitation, and child health: evidence from subnational panel data in 59 countries. Demography 56(2):729–752
Google Scholar
Herd P, Goesling B, House JS (2007) Socioeconomic position and health: the differential effects of education versus income on the onset versus progression of health problems. J Health Soc Behav 48(3):223–238
Google Scholar
Hutton G, Chase C (2018) Water supply, sanitation, and hygiene
Li X, Mukandavire C, Cucunubá ZM et al. (2021) Estimating the health impact of vaccination against ten pathogens in 98 low-income and middle-income countries from 2000 to 2030: a modelling study. Lancet 397:398–408
Google Scholar
Liang S, Macinko J, Yue D et al. (2019) The impact of the health care workforce on under-five mortality in rural China. Hum Resour Health 17:21
Google Scholar
Liang W, Wang B, Shen G et al. (2020) Association of solid fuel use with risk of stunting in children living in China. Indoor Air 30:264–274
Google Scholar
Linden A, Huber C, Wodtke GT (2021) A regression-with-residuals method for analyzing causal mediation: the rwrmed package. Stata J 21:559–574
Google Scholar
Liu L, Oza S, Hogan D et al. (2015) Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2000–13, with projections to inform post-2015 priorities: an updated systematic analysis. Lancet 385:430–440
Google Scholar
MacKinnon DP, Lockwood CM, Williams J (2004) Confidence limits for the indirect effect: distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivar Behav Res 39:99–128
Google Scholar
Mandal S, Paul P, Chouhan P (2021) Impact of maternal education on under-five mortality of children in India: insights from the National Family Health Survey, 2005–2006 and 2015–2016. Death Stud 45:788–794
Google Scholar
Mooi-Reci I, Wooden M (2022) Jobless parents, unhealthy children? How past exposure to parental joblessness influences children’s future health. SSM Popul Health 19:101144
Google Scholar
Murtaza F, Muzaffar M, Mustafa T, Anwer J (2021) Water and sanitation risk exposure in children under-five in Pakistan. J Fam Community Med 28(2):103–109
Google Scholar
Nadeem M, Anwar M, Adil S et al. (2024) The association between water, sanitation, hygiene, and child underweight in Punjab, Pakistan: an application of population attributable fraction. J Multidiscip Health 17:2475–2487
Google Scholar
Nadir F, Sardar H, Ahmad H (2023) Perceptions of medical students regarding brain drain and its effects on Pakistan’s socio-medical conditions: a cross-sectional study. Pak J Med Sci 39(2):401
Google Scholar
National Institute of Population Studies, Macro International. Institute for Resource Development. Demographic, & Health Surveys (2018) Pakistan demographic and health survey. Islamabad: National Institute of Population Studies
National Population Health Survey (2017–18) National Institute of Population Studies
Nawaz R, Zhou Z, Khalid N et al. (2021) Income-related inequality in distribution of health human resources among districts of Pakistan. BMC Health Serv Res 21:142
Google Scholar
Nguyen-Phung HT (2023) The impact of maternal education on child mortality: evidence from an increase tuition fee policy in Vietnam. Int J Educ Dev 96:102704
Google Scholar
Nishtar S, Boerma T, Amjad S et al. (2013) Pakistan’s health system: performance and prospects after the 18th Constitutional Amendment. Lancet 381:2193–2206
Google Scholar
Or PP, Wong BY, Chung JW (2020) To investigate the association between the health literacy and hand hygiene practices of the older adults to help them fight against infectious diseases in Hong Kong. Am J Infect Control 48(5):485–489
Google Scholar
Pawlinska-Chmara R, Wronka I (2007) Assessment of the effect of socioeconomic factors on the prevalence of respiratory disorders in children. J Physiol Pharm 58(5):523–529
Preacher KJ, Rucker DD, Hayes AF (2007) Addressing moderated mediation hypotheses: theory, methods, and prescriptions. Multivar Behav Res 42:185–227
Google Scholar
Puzzolo E, Pope D, Stanistreet D et al. (2016) Clean fuels for resource-poor settings: a systematic review of barriers and enablers to adoption and sustained use. Environ Res 146:218–234
Google Scholar
Rana RH, Alam K, Gow J (2018) Health expenditure, child and maternal mortality nexus: a comparative global analysis. BMC Int Health Hum Rights 18(1):29
Google Scholar
Sakai R, Fink G, Kumamaru H, Kawachi I (2016) The impact of pediatrician supply on child health outcomes: longitudinal evidence from Japan. Health Serv Res 51(2):530–549
Google Scholar
Sarkodie AO (2021) Factors influencing under-five mortality in rural-urban Ghana: an applied survival analysis. Soc Sci Med 284:114185
Google Scholar
Sharma Waddington H, Masset E, Bick S et al. (2023) Impact on childhood mortality of interventions to improve drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) to households: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 20:e1004215
Google Scholar
Sharrow D, Hug L, You D et al. (2022) Global, regional, and national trends in under-5 mortality between 1990 and 2019 with scenario-based projections until 2030: a systematic analysis by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. Lancet Glob Health 10:e195–e206
Google Scholar
Sheikh W, Ahmed MB, Parulkar A et al. (2021) Association between the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program and heart failure subtype readmissions and mortality in the USA. Cardiology 57:57
Shrestha SK, Vicendese D, Erbas B (2020) Water, sanitation and hygiene practices associated with improved height-for-age, weight-for-height and weight-for-age z-scores among under-five children in Nepal. BMC Pediatr 20(1):134
Google Scholar
Snetselaar LG, Delahanty LM (2017) Nutrition intervention: lessons from clinical trials. In: Nutrition in the prevention and treatment of disease. Academic Press, pp 203–216
Stephens C, Crivelli V, Hautecouer J et al. (2013) Improving indigenous maternal and child health
Sutarto S, Puspitasari RD, Utama WT et al. (2024) The role of health services in improving the health status of children under five in Way Kanan District, Lampung Province. In: International Conference on Medical Science and Health (ICOMESH 2024). Atlantis Press, pp 215–242
Tambi MD, Atemnkeng JT (2018) Measuring the effect of environmental hygiene on child health outcomes in Cameroon. J Econ Manag 32:118–137
Thimm-Kaiser M, Benzekri A, Guilamo-Ramos V (2023) Conceptualizing the mechanisms of social determinants of health: a heuristic framework to inform future directions for mitigation. Milbank Q 101:486–526
Google Scholar
UNICEF (2016) Strategy for water, sanitation and hygiene 2016–2030
UNICEF (2019) Committing to child survival: a promise renewed; progress report 2018. UNICEF, New York
Valente MJ, Rijnhart JJ, Smyth HL et al. (2020) Causal mediation programs in R, M plus, SAS, SPSS, and Stata. Struct Equ Modeling 27:975–984
Google Scholar
Victora CG, Requejo JH, Barros AJ et al. (2016) Countdown to 2015: a decade of tracking progress for maternal, newborn, and child survival. Lancet 387:2049–2059
Google Scholar
Villavicencio F, Perin J, Eilerts-Spinelli H et al. (2024) Global, regional, and national causes of death in children and adolescents younger than 20 years: an open data portal with estimates for 2000–21. Lancet Glob Health 12:e16–e17
Google Scholar
Watt RG (2002) Emerging theories into the social determinants of health: implications for oral health promotion. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 30:241–247
Google Scholar
WHO/UNICEF Joint Water Supply, Sanitation Monitoring Programme (2014) Progress on drinking water and sanitation: 2014 update. World Health Organization, Geneva
Wiseman V, Lagarde M, Batura N et al. (2017) Measuring inequalities in the distribution of the Fiji health workforce. Int J Equity Health 16:115
Google Scholar
World Health Organization (2006) The world health report 2006: working together for health. World Health Organization, Geneva
Google Scholar
World Health Organization (2014) WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: household fuel combustion. World Health Organization, Geneva
World Health Organization (2015) Health workforce 2030: towards a global strategy on human resources for health. World Health Organization, Geneva
World Health Organization, UNICEF (2012) Building a future for women and children: the 2012 report. World Health Organization and UNICEF, Washington, DC
World Health Organization, United Nations Children’s Fund (2021) Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000–2020: five years into the SDGs. World Health Organization, Geneva
Wu H (2022) The effect of maternal education on child mortality in Bangladesh. Popul Dev Rev 48:475–503
Google Scholar
Yang R, He J, Zhong KK et al. (2024) Relationship of solid fuels use with cognitive function and efficacy of switching to cleaner fuels or using ventilation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Res 249:118314
Google Scholar
Yemane GD (2022) The factors associated with under-five mortality in Ethiopia. Ann Med Surg 79:104063
Zhou K, Zhang X, Ding Y et al. (2015) Inequality trends of health workforce in different stages of medical system reform (1985–2011) in China. Hum Resour Health 13:94
Google Scholar
link